What Causes Hot Spots in Dogs?

Hot spots, also known as acute moist dermatitis, are painful, inflamed areas of skin that can appear quickly on a dog’s body. These red, moist sores can develop anywhere on the skin, causing irritation, discomfort, and distress for both dogs and their owners. Some dogs, however, seem to experience hot spots more frequently than others. In this guide, we'll explore the common triggers, breed tendencies, and underlying health conditions that contribute to frequent hot spots, and provide tips to help prevent flare-ups, so your pet can stay comfortable and itch-free.

Common Triggers of Hot Spots in Dogs

Allergies
Allergies are a major trigger for hot spots. Dogs can develop allergies to various environmental factors, foods, or parasites, all of which can lead to itching that progresses to hot spots:

• Environmental Allergies: Pollen, grass, mould, and dust mites are common environmental allergens that can irritate a dog’s skin, especially during warmer months when pollen counts are higher.
• Food Allergies: Some dogs have allergies to specific foods or ingredients, like beef, dairy, or chicken. Food allergies can lead to itchy skin, which may cause scratching or chewing that escalates into hot spots.
• Flea Allergies: Dogs with flea allergy dermatitis are highly sensitive to flea bites. Even a single bite can set off intense itching, prompting the dog to scratch, bite, and lick the area, creating the ideal environment for a hot spot.

Poor Grooming and Matted Fur
Dogs with thick or matted coats are at higher risk of hot spots. When a dog’s fur becomes matted or holds moisture after activities such as swimming or bathing, the skin beneath can become damp and warm. This creates a favourable environment for bacterial growth.  

Insect Bites
Just like humans, dogs can experience allergic reactions to insect bites. Mosquitoes, bees, or ants can leave irritating bites, causing dogs to scratch or bite at the affected area. For some dogs, this minor irritation can develop into a hot spot.

Stress and Anxiety
Emotional factors like anxiety or stress can lead some dogs to develop compulsive licking or chewing behaviours, which can damage the skin and lead to hot spots. Dogs may be more prone to over-grooming when experiencing separation anxiety, boredom, or environmental stress, such as a change in routine or a new pet in the home. This compulsive licking or biting can quickly break down the skin, leading to inflammation and infection.

Skin Infections

Skin infections, particularly bacterial or fungal, can also lead to hot spots. These infections may start with a small wound, scratch, or bite that introduces bacteria to the skin. If a dog then licks or scratches the area excessively, it can rapidly develop into a moist, red hot spot. Bacterial infections can cause the spot to appear swollen, warm, and painful, and as the infection progresses, a yellow or greenish discharge may develop along with an unpleasant smell. These are clear indications that the infection requires medical attention.

Breeds Prone to Hot Spots

Certain dog breeds are more prone to developing hot spots due to their coat type, skin sensitivity, or natural predispositions. Breeds that are most commonly affected include:

• Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers: These breeds have dense, water-repellent double coats that can retain moisture if not properly dried after swimming or bathing, leading to bacterial infections.
• German Shepherds: German Shepherds, known for their thick coats and sensitive skin, are particularly prone to developing allergies and hot spots. 
• Rottweilers and Dobermans: These breeds often have skin that is sensitive to irritants, and they are prone to developing contact dermatitis and other skin issues.
• Bernese Mountain Dogs and Saint Bernards: These larger breeds have heavy coats, which can easily trap moisture and cause skin infections.
• English Bulldogs and Pugs: These breeds have skin folds that trap moisture and debris, creating an environment conducive to bacterial growth, leading to skin infections and hot spots.

Regular grooming and thorough drying of the coat, especially after swimming, can help prevent hot spots in these breeds.

Health Conditions Linked to Frequent Hot Spots

Some underlying health conditions can increase a dog's susceptibility to hot spots:

Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a hormonal imbalance that can cause a dog’s skin to become dry, flaky, and more susceptible to infections. Dogs with hypothyroidism often experience changes in their coat and skin health, making them more prone to hot spots.

Cushing’s Disease
This disease results in the overproduction of cortisol, which can weaken the skin and immune system, making a dog more vulnerable to infections and skin issues, including hot spots.

Arthritis or Joint Pain
Dogs with joint pain or arthritis may lick or bite the painful area as a self-soothing mechanism. This behaviour can lead to irritation and eventually a hot spot, especially in areas that are difficult for the dog to reach or where the skin is thinner.

Obesity
Obesity can make it harder for dogs to groom themselves properly, leading to matting and poor skin health. The extra weight can also cause skin folds, which trap moisture and create an environment for bacteria to thrive.

How to Manage and Reduce Hot Spot Flare-Ups

Regular Grooming
Brush your dog’s coat frequently to remove loose fur and prevent matting. For dogs with longer or double coats, extra care is needed, especially after swimming. Dry them thoroughly and keep the skin around the ears, neck, and tail as clean and dry as possible.

Address Allergies
If your dog suffers from allergies, talk to your vet about an allergy management plan. Avoid known triggers and consider dietary adjustments if food sensitivities are a factor. Antihistamines or other medications may be prescribed to help alleviate itchiness and prevent hot spots.

Routine Flea and Tick Prevention
Implementing year-round flea and tick prevention can significantly reduce the likelihood of parasite-induced itching, one of the leading causes of hot spots.

Balanced Diet and Hydration
Feeding your dog a high-quality, well-balanced diet helps maintain a healthy skin barrier, reducing the risk of skin problems. Ensuring your dog stays hydrated is also essential for overall skin health.

Provide Mental and Physical Stimulation
Boredom and anxiety can lead to excessive licking, which can then lead to hot spots. Provide your dog with plenty of exercise, toys, and mental challenges to keep them mentally stimulated and less likely to lick or chew on their skin.

Veterinary Check-Ups
Regular check-ups can help detect health conditions, like hypothyroidism or Cushing's disease, that may predispose your dog to hot spots. Early intervention can prevent or reduce the frequency of hot spot flare-ups.

 Conclusion

While hot spots can be painful and bothersome for dogs, understanding the underlying triggers and breed predispositions can help you manage and reduce the likelihood of flare-ups. Regular grooming, prompt treatment of any itching or skin irritations, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can all contribute to healthier, happier skin for your dog. By staying proactive and recognising the unique needs of your dog’s breed, you can prevent the discomfort associated with hot spots and keep your canine companion comfortable all year long.