What Are the Symptoms of Pannus in Dogs?

Posted by Petdirect on 20th Nov 2024

Pannus is a progressive eye condition in dogs that can lead to vision impairment and even blindness if left untreated. Recognising early symptoms and understanding factors contributing to Pannus can help preserve your dog’s eyesight and quality of life. In this article, we’ll explore what Pannus is, the risk factors involved, common symptoms, and the importance of early detection for effective management.

What Is Pannus?

Also known as Chronic Superficial Keratitis, Pannus is an immune-mediated condition where the immune system mistakenly targets the cornea (the clear outer layer of the eye) as if it were a threat. Normally, the immune system defends the body against harmful invaders like bacteria or viruses, however, in this condition the immune cells attack the cornea without any infection or injury present.

As these immune cells accumulate, they trigger ongoing inflammation, leading to visible changes in the eye. This persistent inflammation gradually damages the cornea, impairing vision and, if untreated, may lead to blindness. While pannus is a lifelong condition and cannot be fully cured, early detection and consistent treatment can help control the immune response and reduce inflammation, slowing disease progression and preserving vision.

Which Dogs Are at Risk?

Certain dog breeds have a higher susceptibility to this condition such as:

German Shepherds
Greyhounds
Belgian Tervurens
Border Collies
Australian Shepherds

For these breeds, routine eye exams are recommended, as early detection can improve treatment success. Owners of these breeds should be mindful of the higher risk and watch for symptoms of Pannus as their dogs age.

While genetics is a key factor, environmental influences, such as prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, also play a major role in triggering and worsening this condition. Dogs that live in sunny or high-altitude regions, where UV exposure is more intense, face a higher risk of developing Pannus or experiencing flare-ups. UV rays aggravate corneal inflammation, accelerating disease progression.

Recognising the Symptoms of Pannus

Early identification of Pannus symptoms can make a significant difference in managing the condition and preserving your dog’s vision. The severity and progression of Pannus can vary among dogs, but common signs include:

Early Symptoms

Raised Bumps on the Cornea: Look for small, pinkish, or greyish bumps that appear on the surface of the cornea. These can start near the edge and gradually spread toward the center.
Blood Vessels Spreading Across the Cornea: An unusual web of blood vessels may begin to grow over the cornea, creating a faint red or pinkish tinge. This vascularization can obstruct vision as it progresses.
Red and Inflamed Eyes: Affected dogs often show redness around the whites of their eyes, indicating irritation or inflammation. This may accompany discomfort or increased sensitivity to light.
Eye Discharge, Such as Mucus: Excessive tearing or mucus-like discharge can be a sign, especially if it is persistent or accompanied by other symptoms.
Squinting: Dogs with Pannus may squint or close their eyes partially to reduce discomfort from light sensitivity or due to a feeling of grittiness in the eye.
Pawing at the Eyes: Increased pawing or rubbing of the eyes is common as Pannus can make the eyes feel irritated or dry. This behavior may also worsen redness and inflammation.

Advanced Symptoms

Thicker, More Extensive Pigmentation: In later stages, the dark pigmentation on the cornea becomes more pronounced and can cover a larger surface area of the eye, creating further obstruction. This progression can be particularly noticeable in dogs with lighter eye colours.
Opaque Plaques or Nodules on the Cornea: Advanced pannus can cause nodules or raised plaques to develop on the corneal surface, creating a rough texture. These nodules are a sign of serious scarring and often indicate that the disease has progressed to a point where significant vision loss is likely.
Noticeable Vision Loss or Blindness: Severe pannus can lead to complete vision loss if left untreated, as the cornea becomes increasingly opaque. Some dogs may start bumping into objects, have difficulty navigating familiar environments, or seem disoriented.
Permanent Discomfort: In advanced stages, dogs with pannus may experience chronic irritation and discomfort, which can cause behavioural changes. Signs of distress, irritability, or rubbing at the eyes can all indicate severe discomfort due to pannus.

Why Early Detection of Pannus is Essential

Pannus is a chronic, progressive condition that requires lifelong treatment to control symptoms. Detecting Pannus early can make a lasting difference in your dog’s quality of life by slowing its progression, improving the effectiveness of treatment, and reducing the risk of severe vision loss.

Better Management Options: When Pannus is diagnosed in its initial stages, treatment is generally more effective, often requiring less aggressive interventions. Anti-inflammatory eye drops, usually the first line of treatment, can reduce inflammation and may prevent the disease from progressing further, minimising the need for stronger medications or surgical interventions. Early treatment helps maintain your dog’s vision and can prevent permanent corneal scarring, which would otherwise impact eyesight.
Prevention of Advanced Vision Loss: In advanced cases, Pannus can lead to partial or complete blindness if left untreated. Early diagnosis allows you to take steps to preserve your dog’s vision. With proper management, many dogs retain functional eyesight even as they age, allowing them to continue enjoying normal activities.
Improved Quality of Life: Severe vision impairment or blindness can profoundly impact a dog’s quality of life. Dogs with limited vision may struggle to navigate their surroundings, participate in activities, and enjoy outdoor time. Early treatment for Pannus can prevent these challenges, ensuring that your dog maintains an active and fulfilling lifestyle.

In Summary

Pannus is a serious but manageable condition that greatly benefits from early detection and consistent care. Understanding what Pannus is, recognising its signs, and being aware of risk factors are key steps for proactive pet owners looking to protect their dog’s eye health. Regular check-ups and prompt veterinary attention are essential for controlling Pannus progression and ensuring your dog enjoys a good quality of life. If you suspect your dog may show signs of Pannus or any other eye condition, don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian.