What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes in Cats?

Feline diabetes is a condition that affects many cats, particularly as they age. It occurs when a cat’s body cannot produce enough insulin or use it effectively, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Left untreated, diabetes can significantly impact your cat’s quality of life and overall health. However, with early detection and proper care, many cats with diabetes can live happy and healthy lives.

In this guide, we will discuss the key signs of diabetes in cats, the importance of early diagnosis, and what to do if you suspect your cat has this condition.

What is Feline Diabetes?

Otherwise known as diabetes mellitus, this is a chronic health condition characterised by a cat's inability to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is essential for helping glucose (sugar) move from the bloodstream into the cells to be used for energy. In diabetic cats, either not enough insulin is produced, or the body’s cells don’t respond to insulin as they should. This results in high blood sugar levels (hyperglycaemia).

There are two types of diabetes that cats can develop:

• Type 1 Diabetes: This type is rare in cats and is characterised by a lack of insulin production.
• Type 2 Diabetes: The more common form in cats, Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, where the cat's body does not respond properly to insulin.

Causes and Risk Factors of Diabetes in Cats

Several factors can contribute to the development of diabetes in cats. Understanding these risk factors can help you take preventive steps or watch for symptoms more closely in at-risk cats.

• Obesity: This is a primary risk factor for diabetes in cats. Excess body fat reduces the cells’ sensitivity to insulin, increasing the likelihood of insulin resistance and, over time, diabetes.
• Age: Diabetes in cats is more common in middle-aged to older cats, typically between the ages of 7 and 10. Regular veterinary check-ups as your cat ages can help monitor for early signs of diabetes.
• Diet and Lifestyle: A high-carbohydrate diet is linked to insulin resistance in cats, as they are obligate carnivores and thrive on high-protein, low-carb diets. Lack of exercise also contributes to obesity, increasing the risk of diabetes.
• Breed Predispositions: While any cat can develop diabetes, some breeds, such as Burmese cats, seem to be more genetically predisposed to the condition.
• Medications: Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids, can increase the risk of diabetes by interfering with insulin’s function and reducing the liver’s sensitivity to it.
• Gender: Male cats are slightly more likely to develop diabetes than female cats, though the exact reason isn’t fully understood.

Symptoms of Diabetes in Cats

Recognising the early signs of diabetes can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes. Here are common symptoms of diabetes in cats:

1. Increased Thirst (Polydipsia)

When blood glucose levels are high, the body tries to flush out excess sugar through urine, which dehydrates the cat. As a result, diabetic cats drink significantly more water than usual. You may notice that you’re refilling the water bowl more often or that your cat suddenly appears more interested in drinking water. Polydipsia is often one of the earliest and most noticeable signs of diabetes, so it’s essential to pay attention to any sudden changes in your cat’s drinking habits.

2. Increased Urination (Polyuria)

Along with drinking more, diabetic cats will often urinate more frequently. As the kidneys work harder to remove excess glucose from the bloodstream, they require additional water to process it, leading to increased urination. You may see larger clumps in the litter tray or find yourself cleaning the litter box more frequently. Polyuria, especially if combined with increased thirst, is a classic symptom of feline diabetes.

3. Increased Appetite (Polyphagia) with Weight Loss

Diabetic cats may display a noticeable increase in appetite, often accompanied by a drive to eat more than usual. Because a diabetic cat’s body can’t utilise glucose effectively, the cells signal hunger to the brain, causing the cat to eat more. However, even with an increase in food intake, diabetic cats struggle to gain weight because they can’t absorb the necessary nutrients from their food.  The body essentially enters “starvation mode,” burning fat and muscle since glucose from food isn’t adequately absorbed.  

4. Lethargy and Weakness

Diabetes can make a cat feel unwell and tired, leading to lethargy or reduced interest in activities they once enjoyed. Without enough glucose entering the cells, the cat’s energy levels drop, leaving them less inclined to play or exercise. You may find your cat sleeping more than usual or avoiding social interactions. Lethargy, especially if it coincides with other symptoms like increased thirst and urination, could indicate diabetes.

5. Unkempt Coat and Poor Grooming Habits

A cat with diabetes may develop a dull or greasy coat. Cats typically groom themselves regularly, but diabetes-related lethargy can lead to reduced grooming. Additionally, the impact of high blood sugar on a cat’s health can show in the condition of their coat, which may look unkempt or oily. A dull, poorly maintained coat (particularly in a previously well-groomed cat) can be a subtle but telling sign of diabetes. 

6. Vomiting and Dehydration

In severe or unmanaged diabetes cases, cats may experience vomiting and a lack of interest in food. These symptoms could indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication resulting from extremely high blood glucose levels. DKA is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary care, as it can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

The Importance of Early Detection

Early detection of diabetes in cats is key to successful management and preventing serious complications. If caught early, feline diabetes may sometimes be manageable with dietary and lifestyle changes, especially before the condition progresses. However, many cats will require insulin therapy to maintain proper blood sugar control. 

Early intervention can help prevent the development of complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition, as well as secondary issues like urinary tract infections, liver disease, or diabetic neuropathy, which causes weakness in the legs due to nerve damage from high blood sugar levels.

By identifying diabetes early, it’s possible to minimise complications, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of advanced disease requiring intensive treatment.

When to Consult a Vet

If you observe any signs of diabetes in your cat, it’s best to consult a vet promptly. The sooner diabetes is diagnosed, the better the chance of successful management. Here’s when you should promptly see a vet:

• Excessive thirst and urination for more than a few days.
• Noticeable weight loss despite normal or increased appetite.
• Lethargy that lasts for more than a day or two.
• Vomiting and signs of dehydration.

Your vet will likely conduct blood and urine tests to check for high glucose levels, confirming whether your cat has diabetes. They may also check for underlying conditions, such as infections, that can complicate diabetes.

Final Thoughts

Feline diabetes can seem overwhelming, but with the right knowledge and support, you can provide your cat with the best possible care. Early detection is essential, as it enables prompt intervention and reduces the risk of complications. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments for diabetes in cats, you’ll be better equipped to notice any changes in your cat’s behaviour and seek veterinary help early on.