How Can Epilepsy in Dogs Be Treated?

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in dogs, characterised by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Although epilepsy can’t be cured, it can be managed to improve your dog’s quality of life. Understanding the types of epilepsy, recognising the symptoms, and working with your veterinarian to explore treatment options can help you make informed choices for your pet's care. Here’s a guide to how epilepsy in dogs can be treated, covering everything from medical interventions to lifestyle adjustments.

Understanding Epilepsy in Dogs

Epilepsy typically falls into the following two categories:  

• Idiopathic Epilepsy: The most common type of epilepsy in dogs, often hereditary, where no underlying cause for seizures can be identified.
• Secondary Epilepsy: Occurs when seizures are caused by an identifiable factor, such as a brain injury, infection, toxin exposure, or a metabolic condition.

Epileptic seizures in dogs can vary in severity and frequency, ranging from brief moments of confusion to full-body convulsions. Working closely with a veterinarian is crucial, as they can help determine the type of epilepsy and recommend the most suitable treatment.

Recognising Epileptic Seizures in Dogs

Knowing the signs of a seizure can help you respond quickly and provide essential information for your vet. Seizures generally involve three phases:

• Aura Phase: Dogs may act anxious or clingy, whine, or hide.
• Ictal Phase: This is the seizure itself, during which the dog may experience convulsions, muscle spasms, drooling, or loss of consciousness.
• Postictal Phase: After the seizure, dogs may appear disoriented, confused, or restless.

Recording details about the seizure’s frequency, duration, and intensity can help the vet assess treatment effectiveness and make necessary adjustments.

Medical Treatments for Epilepsy in Dogs

Several treatment options for managing epilepsy range from anti-seizure medications to alternative therapies. Often, a combination of therapies is used to achieve the best outcome.

Anti-Seizure Medications

Medications specifically designed to control seizures are typically the first line of treatment for epilepsy in dogs. Key points include:

• Consistency is Key: Most anti-seizure medications must be given on a strict schedule. Missing a dose could increase the risk of seizures.
• Side Effects are Possible: Anti-seizure medications may cause side effects such as sedation, increased appetite, and excessive thirst. Regular blood tests can help monitor liver function and adjust medications as needed. 
• Long-Term Commitment: Once a dog begins anti-seizure medication, it’s generally a lifelong commitment, although dosages may be adjusted over time depending on seizure control.

Adjusting Medication

Finding the right dose takes time. Many vets start with a low dose and gradually increase it to minimise side effects while achieving adequate seizure control. If one medication isn’t effective, your vet might add or switch to another type. Always consult a vet before changing doses or discontinuing medication, as sudden changes can trigger severe seizures.

Alternative and Complementary Treatments

For some dogs, anti-seizure medications alone may not fully control epilepsy. In these cases, complementary treatments may support overall brain health and potentially reduce seizure frequency. Always discuss these options with your vet to ensure they are suitable alongside conventional medication.

Dietary Therapy

Specific diets may help control seizures in dogs with epilepsy. For example, ketogenic diets (high in fat and low in carbohydrates) have shown promise in reducing seizure activity in certain cases. Your veterinarian may recommend a specially formulated dog food or a prescription diet to help manage your dog’s seizures.

Supplements

Certain supplements may support brain health, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins. Omega-3’s have anti-inflammatory properties and may positively affect neurological health. However, consult your vet before introducing any supplements to avoid interactions with medications.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture has been studied for its potential to reduce seizure frequency in some dogs. This technique involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate nerves and promote overall well-being. A certified veterinary acupuncturist can evaluate your dog to see if this approach may benefit them as a supplementary treatment.

Lifestyle Adjustments for Managing Epilepsy in Dogs

Beyond medical and complementary treatments, there are steps you can take at home to help manage epilepsy and keep your dog safe.

Create a Calm Environment

Stress can trigger seizures, so keeping your dog’s environment as calm as possible is essential. Minimise exposure to loud noises, unfamiliar visitors, or anything that could cause anxiety. Providing a quiet and comfortable resting area for your dog can also make a big difference.

Monitor and Document Seizures

Keeping a seizure diary is invaluable for tracking treatment effectiveness and identifying potential triggers. Note the date, time, and duration of each seizure, along with any preceding factors, such as unusual activities or diet changes. This information helps your vet adjust treatment strategies if necessary.

Ensure a Safe Space During Seizures

During a seizure, it’s crucial to protect your dog from injury without trying to hold or restrain them. Move furniture or sharp objects out of the way and place a soft cushion or blanket under their head if possible. Avoid touching your dog’s mouth, as they may accidentally bite if they’re convulsing. After the seizure, give them time to recover and offer gentle reassurance.

Recognising and Managing Emergency Situations

In some cases, seizures can become life-threatening. Status epilepticus is a prolonged seizure lasting more than five minutes or multiple seizures in a short period without full recovery between episodes. This condition is an emergency and requires immediate veterinary care.

If your dog experiences multiple seizures in a day, known as cluster seizures, seek veterinary help promptly. Your vet may prescribe emergency medication, such as rectal diazepam, to help control seizures at home if needed.

Regular Veterinary Check-Ups

Managing epilepsy requires regular veterinary check-ups to monitor your dog’s response to treatment and adjust medications as needed. During these visits, your vet will likely assess your dog’s overall health and perform blood tests to ensure the anti-seizure medication isn’t causing any side effects. Regular check-ups allow you to address concerns, review seizure patterns, and keep your dog’s health on track.

Quality of Life and Long-Term Outlook

Living with a dog who has epilepsy can be challenging, but with the right treatment and management plan, many dogs lead happy, fulfilling lives. By understanding the condition and working closely with your veterinarian, you can provide your dog with a stable environment and manage their epilepsy effectively.

Final Thoughts

Epilepsy in dogs is a complex but manageable condition. With a combination of medications, lifestyle adjustments, and possibly complementary treatments, most pet owners can successfully reduce the impact of seizures on their dog’s life. Each dog’s journey with epilepsy is unique, so patience, compassion, and consistent care are essential. By prioritising your dog’s health and well-being, you can help them enjoy a high quality of life despite their diagnosis.